Developing Countries and it purpose (D-8)

 The developing Countries and Its purpose (D-8)

The developing countries with many population of Muslim have formed an economic development alliance which is called D-8 (Developing Countries). Former Turkish Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan founded the D-8. It was established  in Istanbul, Turkey on 15 June 1997.

The members of D-8 are Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Turkey.

The aim of D-8 countries is to improve member countries  economic position in the global arena, to create and diversify different opportunities in the trade sector, to increase participation in decision- making at international level,and to improve of standard living . 

As stated by the D-8 Facts and Figures Publication: The main areas of cooperation include finance, banking, rural development, science and technology, humanitarian development, agriculture, energy, environment, and health.

Purposes and objective: In the first Summit Declaration (Istanbul, 1997), the main objective of D-8 is stated in accordance with following principles:

• Peace instead of conflict.
• Dialogue instead of confrontation.
• Cooperation instead of exploitation.
• Justice instead of double-standard.
• Equality instead of discrimination.
• Democracy instead of oppression.

: The fifth D-8 Summit Declaration (Bali, 2006) stated the following,  objectives:

1.       Commitment to work jointly to solve the problem of economic disparities within our countries.

2.    Reaffirm commitment to enhance cooperation in the field of energy to develop alternative and renewable energy resources.

3.    Strengthening  the importance of D-8 in contributing to the economic advancement of its member countries and promotes global trade.

Preferential trade agreement

 The eight developing countries signed a Preferential Trade Agreement on 14 May 2006 at the fifth D-8 Summit at Bali, Indonesia. The agreement is designed to gradually reduce tariffs on specific goods between member-states, with a supervisory committee overseeing the process. The aim of the sign is to reduce obstacles to free trade between member countries, and promote inter-state cooperation.

The 60% of people of these d-8 countries are Muslims, or about to 13% of the world’s population.

Structure

The D- 8 is formed into the Summit ,the Council ,the Commission these three bodies.

The Summit, which is convened every two years, composed of highest level of authority, and of the leaders of each member state which is convened every two years,

The Council is formed of the foreign affairs ministers of each member state with decision making body and forum for D-8 related issues for consideration.

The Commission is composed of Commissioners appointed by each member state's government and it has  executive authority to promote compliance with D8 directives in their respective nation and  to appoint D-8 members to facilitate communication and to act in a supervising capacity in the time of every conference or lower-level assembly.

Some political figure of Pakistan Phase 2

Prime minister Raza Pervez Ashraf : 

 He came into power as cordial leader of Pakistan People's Party. After Usuf Raja Gilani ousting from power as prime minister, he became prime minister of Pakistan in the month of of June 2012. In an allegation of corruption, supreme court has recently ordered to arrest him for the corruption of rental power project. He is known to all as Raja Rental, although he denied his acquisition.

    

General Asfaq Pervez Kayani: 

This Army chief has been passed his time very toughly in Pakistan's Political History. The killing of Al Kayeda leader Osama bin laden in Pakistan's soil, the threaten of Islamic militant attack continuing, killing the militant with innocent people of Pakistan because of Drone attack by USA, for this reason, the general people are protesting against Army forces, and it is increasing. The current month,the leaders of Shia community directly criticized the Army chief for the failure of Army. This army chief claimed to investigate the Memo-gate scandal of Jhardari, although the prime minister Gilani placed over an allegation against his unconstitutional norms.  The military of Pakistan already has been tried to take the power by unconstitutionally in three times,still it has probability.Although in this moment they are under pressure for combating against militant. In this condition,Army up-charge by military will have to fall in international criticism.

Ex president Pervez Musharof :  

 Still the Ex dictator of Pakistan is most important person in Pakistani's politics.In 2008 he reigned from the power.Now willingly he is living in abroad. in 2012, he declared that he will return,in that moment he urged his supporters to take the preparation for election but he deduct his decision to return in Pakistan,falling in a threaten by forces that he can be arrested if he come back in Pakistan. He has an allegation that is he failed to give the proper security to ex prime minister  Benjir Buttu when he was in power, at that time the people of Pakistani's has wrong conception about army. May they came into power again, the Pakistan's people do not want it.            

The supreme court of Pakistan has recently ordered to arrest the prime minister of Pakistan Raja Pervez Musharrof for establishing the corruption of Rental power project. The supreme court has ordered it after campaigning the anti-corruption headed by a religious leader Tahirul Kadir. In this regard, it has military support and this allegation comes from the different quarters’. It is not new event the influence of military forces in political history of Pakistan. But this new event can be fallen in a threaten of democracy and the mass-media of Pakistan are very concerned about it. According to these mass-media, this new topic creates disorder and unsafe situation. One kind of doubt and insecure situation has been shown especially about the failure of present government and upcoming election. Coming days are going to be tougher. Daily Times has mentioned it as instability of political management, The procession of Kediri and order to arrest the prime minister. Probably there is invisible quarters’ beyond this event.

 Some political figure:

 

 President Asif Ali Jardari :

 

 Jardari is controversial political leader. He was called by accidental president. After killing of his wife Binger Bhutto, getting the sympathy of Pakistani general people, he came into power. In his regime, suicide attack in Pakistan, social unrest, corruption, social conditions are the common feature. The relation between USA and Pakistan has been deplorable situation because of his leadership.. He is known to all Pakistanis’ people as Mr. 10% because of his corruption allegation. Again the  supreme court wants to reopen the suit of a corruption against him. Although in the mean time he has been in jail for 8 years for a corruption case verdict. At  present, he keeps himself from the politics because of his illness. the maximum time he has been stayed in abroad for treatment. At the end of year of 2011, he was acquiesced of that, he wanted the co-operation from USA to resist the military up charge in Pakistan. But he denied this allegation.             

What is Collective Security ? what is the nature of collective security?

What is Collective Security?

The conception of collective security is very complex. It is not possible to give unique universal definition of collective security. In generally, If any state or states alliance attack on others state or state alliance, the victimized states take jointly what kind of effective measure against aggressive states for protection

 

Security expert Schwargen Berger said in his 'power of politics' book, "Collective security means machinery for joint action in order to prevent of counter any attack against an established international order"

 Another expert Charles B Marshal said, "Collective security is a generalized nation of all nations banding together in undertaking a vague obligation to perform unspecified actions in response to hypothetical events brought on by some identifiable states. 

What is the nature of Collective Security?

 

There is different institutional nature of Collective Security Organization. It has different types because of having included number of member, geographical condition, and different promises towards the activities of collective security. An idle collective security management has following nature:

1. Participation of all states of the world

2. Included of all region of the world

3. There is aggression any time or anywhere of the world, there is committing to resist of its members.

4. The country of institutional collective security management will inspire for the security of world in the same objective, same policy, and same idea.

 

5. When any state will fall in a victim of attack, the states will take the step to resist.

6. All states have to forget the contradictory political interest of own-self.

7. Any state who is eager to abide by the rule of its for honest destination and they will have to chance to participate to any state.

8. It will have to universal and general policy to resist from attack, which would be taken by constitutional charter of a general international organization.

But is there any idle system of collective security in the world? Or is it possible?